A eficácia dos contratos na perspectiva civil-constitucional : um exame do princípio da relatividade no âmbito das coligações contratuais

Abstract

O presente trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da relatividade dos contratos. Analisa esse fenômeno tanto do ponto de vista principiológico, quanto do próprio instituto contratual. A pesquisa enfatiza as profundas alterações sofridas pelo direito contratual no século passado e procura reformular o conceito de eficácia dos contratos. Admite que a relatividade contratual, posta em confronto com a nova principiologia, ganha outra dimensão normativa e axiológica. Além disso, um exame exclusivamente institucional do vínculo negocial, com a segmentação dessa relação jurídica nos planos estrutural e eficacial, também conduz a esta mesma conclusão a respeito de uma reconfiguração da eficácia dos contratos. Admitida a existência de efeitos exclusivamente internos do contrato (deveres principais dos contratantes), reconhece-se paralelamente a existência de ampla eficácia contratual externa, inclusive com a possibilidade de pretensões de terceiros em face do contratante inadimplente. E essa nova dimensão dos efeitos dos contratos explora todas as suas possibilidades nas coligações contratuais, em que a interação entre as partes revela-se mais evidente. Essas premissas permitem, inclusive, a reanálise de algumas dicotomias clássicas, como a ideia de partes/terceiros e de responsabilidade contratual/aquiliana. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

The central scope of the present research relates to the privity of contracts. This legal concept is analyzed both from a moral (“principiological”) and an institutional perspective. This work tries to emphasize the deep alterations that Contract Law has been through during the last century. It also intends to reformulate the definition of contractual effects. The thesis recognizes that the privity of contracts has now a new meaning (both from a normative and a moral stand point) due to the interaction with more recent legal principles. Beyond that, an approach that takes into consideration solely the contract itself, without the participation of moral principles, also leads to such a conclusion related to a new group of external effects and a modern role for the contractual instrument. Once one recognizes that any contract has a specific and well defined set of internal effects (which refer to the main obligations arising from the agreement) he has to admit that any contractual relation has a group of external effects as well. Such idea also brings the conclusion that third parties, under some circumstances, might have a legal action against a defaulting contractual party. This new approach to the effects of contracts has several unstudied possibilities. One of those possibilities is present in the context of the so called network agreements, in which the interaction between contracting parties and third parties becomes clearer and more frequent. Finally, the premises adopted in the research allow a new approach to a few classical dichotomies, such as contractual parties/third parties and torts/contracts causes of action.