Título:	A homotopy-based approach to solve the power flow problem in islanded microgrid with droop-controlled distributed generation units
Autor(es):	Silva, Alisson Lima Freitas, Francisco Damasceno Fernandes, Luís Filomeno de Jesus
ORCID:	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1541-4807 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0172-9402 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4874-9515
Afiliação do autor:	University of Brasilia, Department of Electrical Engineering University of Brasilia, Department of Electrical Engineering University of Brasilia, Faculdade do Gama
Assunto:	Homotopia Método Newton-Raphson Geração distribuída de energia elétrica Recursos energéticos
Data de publicação:	12-Jul-2023
Editora:	MDPI
Referência:	SILVA, Alisson Lima; FREITAS, Francisco Damasceno; FERNANDES, Luis Filomeno de Jesus. A homotopy-based approach to solve the power flow problem in islanded microgrid with droop-controlled distributed generation units. Energies, [S. l.], v. 16, n. 14, 5323, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145323. Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/14/5323.
Abstract:	This paper proposes a homotopy-based approach to solve the power flow problem (PFP) in islanded microgrid networks with droop-controlled distributed generation (DG) units. The technique is based on modifying an “easy” problem solution that evolves with the computation of intermediate results to the PFP solution of interest. These intermediate results require the solution of nonlinear equations through Newton–Raphson (NR) method. In favor of convergence, the intermediate solutions are close to each other, strengthening the convergence qualities of the technique for the solution of interest. The DG units are modeled with operational power limits and three types of droop-control strategies, while the loads are both magnitude voltage- and frequency-dependent. To evaluate the method performance, simulations are performed considering the proposed and classical NR methods, both departing from a flat start estimation. Tests are carried out in three test systems. Different load and DG unit scenarios are implemented for a 6-, 38-, and 69-bus test system. A base case is studied for all systems, while for the two larger models, a loading factor is used to simulate the load augmenting up to the maximum value. The results demonstrated that for the largest-size model system, only the homotopy-based approach could solve the PFP for stringent requirements such as the diversification of the load profile and hard loading operation point.
Unidade Acadêmica:	Faculdade de Tecnologia (FT) Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica (FT ENE) Faculdade UnB Gama (FGA)
Licença:	© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145323
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