Fontes preferenciais e mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na homeostase de ferro em Paracoccidioides spp.

Abstract

Paracoccidioides spp. is a thermodimorphic fungus, which causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an endemic disease in Latin America. Currently, the Paracoccidioides genus is considered a phylogenetic group containing two distinct species: P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii. However, all isolates identified to date are able to cause PCM. Iron is an essential micronutrient for all eukaryotes, since it participates as a cofactor in several metabolic pathways. However, the amount of available iron inside the host is limited to the pathogen. The host iron sources that are used by Paracoccidioides spp. and the molecular mechanisms used by the fungus to acquire iron has not been investigated. In this study, a robust growth of Paracoccidioides spp. in the presence of hemin or hemoglobin was observed. This fact was supported by the ability of the fungus to internalize protoporphyrin rings and to lyse erythrocytes. Transcriptional and proteomic analysis indicated the induction of possible hemoglobin receptors in the presence of hemoglobin and the possibility of internalization of the entire molecule by the fungus. One of these potential receptors, Rbt5, was characterized in this work. Rbt5 is a GPI-anchored protein, present at the Paracoccidioides sp. cell surface. The protein is able to bind hemin, hemoglobin and protoporphyrin and presents antigenic properties. A Paracoccidioides sp.rbt5knockdown strain was obtained in this work using antisense RNA and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. This strain showed lower survival inside macrophages and in mouse spleen, indicating that Rbt5 may be important for the establishment of Paracoccidioides spp. infection. Furthermore, the reductive iron uptake pathway was investigated in this fungus. In silico analysis pointed that Paracoccidioides spp. could use ferric reductases, ferroxidases and zinc and iron transporters to uptake free iron or iron bound to certain molecules, such as transferrin. The genes encoding those molecules possibly involved in iron uptake were activated in the absence of the metal, which points to the importance of this pathway in conditions of iron deprivation. Genes involved in intracellular iron homeostasis were also investigated in this work and presented regulation by the metal. A ferric reductase activity was demonstrated for Paracoccidioides sp.; however, 59Fe uptake assays showed that the reductive pathway is functional only in conditions of iron deprivation and that the Paracoccidioides spp. ferric reductases are not strongly affected by platinum. Surface molecules involved in iron uptake by the fungus may be important targets for vaccines and/or antifungal drugs. Thus, this work can contribute to the development of alternative therapies for PCM treatment.